Which of the following best describes the concept of 'equality of respect' as discussed in the text?
Ensuring everyone receives the same income and opportunities.
Enforcing the same laws for all individuals regardless of their background.
Treating every person as a human being deserving of consideration and value.
Handicapping those with advantages to create a level playing field.
According to John Locke, what is the primary reason people formed societies?
To escape the brutality and chaos of the state of nature.
To protect their property and the fruits of their labour.
To express the General Will and create a more moral existence.
To establish a system of laws based on divine right.
What distinguishes liberalism from libertarianism in their views on rights?
Liberals emphasise positive rights to social benefits.
libertarians focus on negative rights to non-interference.
Liberals prioritise duties over rights
libertarians champion individual freedom above all else.
Which of the following is NOT a concern of justice as outlined in the text?
Ensuring people receive what they need.
Allowing people to retain what they rightfully possess.
Rewarding individuals based on their merits and contributions.
Prioritising the needs of the wealthy and powerful.
The text argues that achieving perfect equality in all aspects of life is a realistic and desirable goal.
A key principle of retributive justice is that punishment should be proportionate to the crime committed.
"invisible hand" theory suggests that individual self-interest is guided by market forces
Rousseau believed society had a corrupting influence on individuals who are naturally good.
Match the concept to its explanation
Social Contract
A system where individuals agree to abide by rules in exchange for the benefits of social cooperation
Meritocracy
A system that rewards and allocates power based on demonstrated abilities and achievements.
Anarchy
A society without government or laws, often associated with chaos and disorder.
Theocracy
A system of governance where power is held by religious leaders or a deity.
What is the primary reason, according to Thomas Hobbes, that individuals would choose to enter into a social contract and form a society?
To protect their hard-earned property and possessions.
To fulfil their natural desire for social interaction and cooperation.
To escape the constant fear and danger of a state of nature without laws or government.
To create a system where individuals are governed by divine right.
Which of the following are characteristic of distributive justice? (Choose two answers)
Fair allocation of resources and opportunities within a society.
Emphasis on punishment and retribution for wrongdoing.
Protection of individual rights to freedom of speech and expression.
Concern for the equitable distribution of benefits and burdens in society.
Which of the following are true about the concept of the social contract?
It proposes that individuals tacitly agree to abide by societal rules in exchange for the benefits of social cooperation
It suggests that societies are naturally formed hierarchies with divinely appointed rulers.
It serves as a theoretical framework for understanding the basis of governmental legitimacy
It asserts that individuals explicitly sign written contracts outlining their duties and responsibilities to the state.
Which of the following concepts are associated with John Locke's philosophy?
The importance of protecting private property as a justification for the formation of societies.
The belief that the state of nature was characterised by brutal conflict and a "war of all against all."
Individuals possess natural rights, including the right to life and property, which governments are obligated to protect
The advocacy for a strong, centralised government with minimal individual liberties to ensure social order.