Authoritarian parents are most likely to emphasize:
Open communication and emotional warmth
Strict rules and obedience
Flexible boundaries and independence
Encouragement of creativity and exploration
A child with an avoidant attachment style is likely to:
Exhibit distress upon separation and seek comfort upon reunion
Show little emotion when a caregiver leaves or returns
Exhibit confused behavior in the presence of a caregiver
Display over-dependence on others for emotional support
According to Erikson, the primary challenge of the stage that occurs from ages 1 to 3 is:
Initiative vs. guilt
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Industry vs. inferiority
Trust vs. mistrust
What is the primary goal of scaffolding in an educational context?
To provide students with all the answers
To support students’ learning by gradually increasing their independence
To create a competitive environment for learning
To minimize teacher involvement in the learning process
Which cognitive development stage is characterized by abstract thought, according to Piaget?
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
What type of learning occurs when a behavior is reinforced or punished?
Classical conditioning
Observational learning
Operant conditioning
Insight learning
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the preoperational stage according to Piaget?
Symbolic thought
Egocentrism
conservation
animism
What is the primary focus of behaviorism in learning?
Social interactions
Emotional development
Environmental stimuli and observable responses
Internal cognitive processes
In classical conditioning, which of the following is a neutral stimulus that becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus?
Unconditioned response
Conditioned response
Generalization
Conditioned stimulus
What method did Harlow use to demonstrate the importance of contact comfort in attachment?
Operant conditioning with rats
Experiments with baby monkeys and surrogate mothers
Observational studies of human infants
Attachment surveys with parents
Which of the following refers to the gradual decrease in the response to a stimulus after repeated presentations?
Extinction
Habituation
Generalization
Discrimination
Which of the following is an example of a fixed-ratio schedule?
A worker receives a paycheck every two weeks
A student receives praise after every fifth correct answer
A dog is rewarded with a treat every time it sits on command
A child gets a cookie after playing for 10 minutes
Which of the following is a stage about knowing one's abilities in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
Industry vs. Inferiority
Integrity vs. Despair
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Identity vs. Role Confusion
In Vygotsky’s theory, what does the term 'Zone of Proximal Development' refer to?
The level of understanding a child has before formal education
The stage of development where a child begins to understand cause and effect
The period of early childhood when language skills develop
The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance
Which of the following theories emphasizes the role of social interaction in cognitive development?
Behaviorism
Social Learning Theory
Piaget's Stage Theory of Cognitive Development
Zone of Proximal Development