研究生unit 5 短语

在句子 “People are becoming less concerned with grammar, spelling and sentence structure, and more concerned with getting their message across”（第 2 段）中，“get across” 是什么意思？   

“Over the last five years attention spans have shortened considerably, which is reflected in the contracted forms of language we see in social media”（第 3 段）。“attention span” 指的是什么？   

“To get a message across using Twitter for example, it must be concise and must conform to the tone used there, which includes abbreviations, acronyms and emoticons”（第 4 段）。这里的 “conform to” 是什么意思？   

“Facial expressions, visual presence and body language have always been vital to being a confident speaker, but now emojis are blurring the lines between verbal and written communication”（第 5 段）。“blur the lines” 是什么意思？   

“If you mainly use emojis, why not get a keyboard based around smiley faces and cartoon icons? That’s exactly what Swyft Media recently created, and while it’s more of a PR stunt the keyboards of the future will probably contain at least some emojis”（第 6 段）。“PR stunt” 是什么意思？   

“I once witnessed a girl being dumped in a text, which consisted of a message with just five letters, ‘U R MY X’ – linguistically economic, but emotionally harsh”（第 7 段）。“linguistically economic” 是什么意思？   

“The same goes for a statement such as ‘I NEED TO SPEAK TO YOU RIGHT NOW’, which needs a qualifying emoticon or emoji to give it meaning”（第 8 段）。“the same goes for” 是什么意思？   

“They may be derided by traditionalists, but emoticons and emojis used to describe mood are the body language add - on that the written word has always lacked”（第 9 段）。“add - on” 是什么意思？   

“[The internet] lays bare the disparity between good and bad copy, which has resulted in writers and editors becoming better educated and more aware of global grammatical standards, raising the bar overall”（第 10 段）。“lay bare” 是什么意思？   

“He thinks that the internet is also driving language to become more globalized, with Americanisms such as ‘road trip’ and ‘what’s up?’ now ingrained into what’s fast being called ‘International English’ or ELF (English Lingua Franca)”（第 11 段）。“ingrained into” 是什么意思？   

“Writing has become more idiosyncratic and unique, creating new breeds of writers — those that specialise in short form and those that focus on long form … it’s rare to find writers that can excel in both”（第 12 段）。“excel in” 是什么意思？   

“With people consuming so much content on their mobile devices with services like Twitter and Facebook, it is only natural that they are influenced by it and respond in the same way”（第 13 段）。“respond in the same way” 是什么意思？   

“It is the web culture itself rather than mobile devices and social channels that are driving some of the negative aspects of language standards”（第 14 段）。“rather than” 是什么意思？   

“It’s therefore best for those entering the workforce to assume nothing and communicate formally with older coworkers and clients, at least at first”（第 16 段）。“assume nothing” 是什么意思？   

“Since society as a whole has about as much control over language as it does over earthquakes, this is a moot point at best”（第 18 段）。“a moot point” 是什么意思？   

“Education will need to change, too. “It will become less of a priority to educate the youth in strict grammar usage, since the world will no longer expect it”（第 19 段）。“less of a priority” 是什么意思？   

在第 8 段 “It could signal an angry meeting or a passionate meeting but add a coffee cup, a big smiley face or an angry face and it becomes clear what’s really going on,” says Kermode. 中，“what’s really going on” 是（ ） 

在第 11 段 ......now ingrained into what’s fast being called ‘International English’ or ELF (English Lingua Franca). 中，what引导的 是（ ） 

在第 14 段 “It is the web culture itself rather than mobile devices and social channels that are driving some of the negative aspects of language standards” 从结构上看类似于（ ） 

“Culture has a way of evolving and that’s exactly what we’re experiencing with language,” says Parreira, who points out that the iOS spelling fix on the iPhone has improved of late. （第 18 段） what和that分别引导什么从句

“It will become less of a priority to educate the youth in strict grammar usage, since the world will no longer expect it,” says Hammar. （第 19 段） since 引导什么从句

“We are now hearing people actually saying ‘sad face’ at the end of a sentence as in ‘The weekend was a disaster. Sad face’,” says Kermode, who asks if it will eventually be replaced by a new linguistic idea. （第 20 段） who和 if分别引导什么从句