Which of the following is NOT typically included in a packet header?
Destination address
Packet number
Payload data
Originator's address
What is the main advantage of packet switching over circuit switching?
Packets always arrive in order
Each packet can take the most efficient route available
Less processing power is required
No routers are needed
In which data transmission method can data flow in both directions simultaneously?
Simplex
Half-duplex
Full-duplex
Serial
What is the main disadvantage of parallel data transmission over long distances?
It is too slow
It requires more complex software
Signal interference and skew between wires
It cannot transmit binary data
Which error detection method involves sending data back to the sender for verification?
Parity check
Checksum
Echo check
Check digit
In an odd parity system, how many 1s should be present in the data including the parity bit?
An even number
An odd number
Exactly one
It doesn't matter
What happens when a timeout occurs in an Automatic Repeat Query (ARQ) system?
The data is automatically corrected
The sender transmits the data
The receiver sends a positive acknowledgment
The connection is terminated
Which of the following is an example where check digits are commonly used?
Email addresses
WiFi passwords
International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN)
Computer file names
What is the main purpose of encryption during data transmission?
To compress the data
To detect errors
To ensure data security and privacy
To speed up transmission
In asymmetric encryption, what is used to encrypt data that will be decrypted with a private key?
The same private key
A public key
A checksum
A parity bit
Which component of a data packet contains the actual information being transmitted?
Header
Payload
Trailer
Address field
What advantage does USB interface provide for data transmission?
It only works with specific device types
It provides a standardized connection method for multiple device types
It is slower than other interfaces
It requires external power for all devices
During packet switching, what device is responsible for determining the route each packet takes?
Switch
Hub
Router
Gateway
Which error detection method involves calculating a verification value based on the data contents and transmitting this value along with the data?
Parity check
Checksum
Echo check
ARQ
In symmetric encryption, what is required for both encryption and decryption?
Two different keys
The same key
A public key only
A private key only
What is the primary difference between a parity byte and a parity block check?
Parity byte checks individual characters, parity block checks groups of data
Parity byte is faster than parity block
Parity byte detects more errors than parity block
Parity byte uses odd parity, parity block uses even parity
When using ARQ (Automatic Repeat Query), what does a negative acknowledgment (NAK) indicate?
Data was received correctly
Data transmission is complete
An error was detected in the received data
The connection should be terminated
Which statement about check digits is correct?
They can correct errors automatically
They are calculated using a mathematical algorithm based on the other digits
They are only used in computer systems
They always appear at the beginning of a code
What is the main advantage of asymmetric encryption over symmetric encryption?
It is faster to process
It uses shorter keys
It solves the key distribution problem
It requires less computational power
In data transmission, if interference causes a 0 bit to change to a 1 bit, this is an example of:
Data loss
Data gain
Data change
Timeout error